The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay Example for Free

The Function and Role of Research for the Health and Social Care Sector Essay The term research is defined as an active, thorough and systematic process of enquiry that is aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. It is defined by Lancaster (1975) as â€Å"a planned, systematic search for information, for the purpose of increasing the total of man’s knowledge†. It is described by Polit and Beck (2004) as being systematic enquiry. They write that â€Å"the ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine and expand a body of knowledge†. The importance of carrying out research is to further knowledge, enhance understanding and to assess effectiveness. The word research itself derives from the French language and when translated literally means â€Å"to investigate thoroughly†. In the Health and Social Care sector research is important. It has various purposes, roles and value within Health and Social Care. As today’s society is an information-driven one nearly all decisions made regarding policies and practices require deliberation and evaluation of the evidence base. This basically means that health and social care professionals are no longer able to rely solely on just theoretical knowledge. This is where research comes into practice. In social care today organisations are expected to be research-minded. This means that research must be carried out, which can be done in a variety of forms. In the Health and Social Care sector research has many purposes. The main purposes of research are to confirm policy, confirm practice, to disprove propositions, to extend knowledge and understanding and to improve practice. All service providers need information about the needs of a community, or group of people before it can be decided what resources and services are required to meet this need. Therefore research is required. By carrying out research in health and social care practice can be improved and knowledge extended. Once research is published and is made available to health and social care practitioners the findings can be used to improve services in such a way that service providers are able to carry out their duties more profoundly. For example, research regarding the spread of MRSA led to initiatives being put in place to change practice. In the example of public health implementations, research is very important. In health and social care settings research can also be used to monitor progress. This is a vital role of research. If a health care initiative was put in place e. g. ante-natal care, research allows service providers to perceive its uptake, and based on this research may allow for initiatives to be put in place to increase participation. Without monitoring there is no way of knowing if an initiative is useful to service users or not.

The Platonic and Aristotelian Views on the Role and Status of Women in

Introduction Women’s rights and societal roles have varied throughout history. Yet, a common theme that is notable across many times and cultures is the notion that women are inferior to men. In ancient Greece, the opinion toward women followed this trend, and women were often overlooked in how they could contribute to society. It was rarely considered that the traits women share could be of use beyond their household duties. In this essay I will analyze the Platonic and Aristotelian views on the role and status of women. Although Plato and Aristotle had distinct beliefs on what women could contribute to the collective well being of society, they shared similar opinions about the genuine status that women had in comparison to men. The Platonic view advanced the idea that secluding women to the home was counter-productive to the community as a whole. As such, women should be afforded roles that stretched beyond the boundaries of the home for the benefit of the community. The Aristotelian v iew, contrastingly, believed that the natural characteristics of women, which deemed them physically and intellectually inferior to men, made the home their proper place within society. In this essay I will advance the view that through the logic constructed by both Plato and Aristotle it follows deductively that women not only have a place outside of the home but their distinctive nature can add something of value to many areas of society. A Platonic View Toward Women: A Community of Women and Children It is sometimes contended that Plato was a feminist, but his concern for women did not stem from an interest in women’s rights, but rather the usefulness women could contribute to the benefit of the community. Meaning, society would receive... ...oes not follow logically that women are intellectually inferior. The nature of women that emanates from their traditional role as mothers and caregivers can in fact not only be sufficient but necessary for the optimal functioning polis. The compassion and consideration that emanates from the nature of women could be the true keystone in wholesome state, and the highest form of collective well being that Plato and Aristotle searched for. Works Cited Aristotle. The Politics. Trans. T.A. Sinclair. Rev. ed. Trevor J. Saunders. New York: Penguin classics, 1957. Print. Bloom, Allan (1968, revised 1991). The Republic of Plato. Translated, with notes and an interpretive essay. New York: Basic Books. Magnusson, Warren. â€Å"Ancient and Medieval Political Thought.† Political Science 300A. University of Victoria. British Columbia, 4 Jan. 2012 – 21 Mar. 2012.

A Pyrometer Is A Non Contacting Device

A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and steps thermal of a radiation, a procedure known as pyrometer. Its a device that can be used to find the temperature of an objects surface. It has an optical system and a sensor. The optical system can concentrate thermic radiation onto the sensor. The end product signal of the sensor is related to the thermic radiation or irradiance j* of the mark object through the Stefan-Boltzmann getaway, the invariable of proportionality ? , called the Stefan-Boltzmann invariable and the emissivity ? of the object j^ { star } = varepsilonsigma T^ { 4 } This end product of the pyrometer is to used to deduce object ‘s temperature. There is no demand for direct contact the between pyrometer and the object, as there is with thermocouples and opposition sensors ( RTDs ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.instrumentationtoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Radiation-Pyrometer.jpgRadiation pyrometerThe radiation pyrometer is the organic structure or the fluid is emitted of the temperature is to be measured and besides to focused on a thermic receiving surface, it is normally in the froth of a really thin strip of blackened Pt besides the alterations in temperature of this surface is measured. Therefore in a radiation thermopile a big figure of thermocouple in the signifier of strip are connected in the series and besides arranger side by side so that all the non junction which are blackened to increase the energy, when it absorbing ability the pyrometer besides fall within a really little mark country. The thermoelectric features of the thermopile are really stable because the thermocouple are seldom connected straight to the furnace and besides non present at a temperature of more than a few hundred grades. The thermopile has more advantage over othe r sensors, and besides give the same response to incoming radiation in the scope of 0.3-20Â µm irrespective of wavelength within the scope. The standardization of a entire radiation pyrometer is done with black organic structure radiation. For illustration the end product temperature T4 since the pyrometer is use to mensurate the temperature of a fluid or a hot organic structure, the emanation is non right known, so the temperature that measured will non be corrected and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated and some grade of mistake will be present. The mistake are calculated as the end product thermometer temperature is straight relative to T4. E = K?„T4 The ‘K ‘ is a changeless by distinguishing we will acquire: DT/T = d?„/4?„ 10 % of the mistake in the value of emanation will ensue in 2.5 % mistake in the temperature of the radiant object that is measuredPyrometric conehypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Figure_6.gif It ‘s the device that seldom used to estimate heat work during the fire of ceramic stuffs. The cones, frequently used in sets three as shown in the illustration, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and supply a ocular indicant of when the wares have reached a needed province of adulthood, a combination of clip and temperature. Therefore, pyrometric cones give a temperature equivalent and besides are non simple temperature-measuring devices.Resistance thermometerFile: Rtdconstruction.gif Resistance thermometer besides called opposition temperature sensor ( RTDs ) are detectors used to measured temperature by collating the opposition of the RTD component with temperature. Most RTD element consist of a length of mulct coiled wire wrapped around made from a pure stuff, Pt, Ni or Cu. The stuff has a predictable alteration in opposition as the temperature alterations.ThermometerFile: Thermometer CF.svg The thermometer is chiefly used to mensurate the temperature of the organic structure. The other utilizations are a pendulum can be constructed from a thermometer attached to a light twine by which approximative gravitative acceleration could be calculated and by mensurating clip needed for a thermometer released from the top of a edifice to hit the land, in this manner, approximative tallness of that edifice could be obtained. Apart from it max thermometer and min thermometer are used to mensurate air temperatureQuestion 3hypertext transfer protocol: //i.cmpnet.com/planetanalog/2010/08/C0614-Figure3.gif Electrocardiogram ( ECG ) There are several preciseness amplifier and instrumentality amplifier chances in ECG application. The diagnosing is in a ( clinical ) Electrocardiogram with up to 12 leads. Key block lead devices are the electrode addition amplifier, high-pass filter ( normally 0.5 Hz ) , low-pass filter ( around 150 Hz ) and right-led thrust circuit. Each electrode required a preciseness instrumentality A to pull out a really little signal that rides on a 300 millivolt to 700 millivolts common-mode electromotive force. Typically, this amplifier will utilize a higher supply electromotive force to enable a high addition without inveighing the amplifier in the presence of the common-mode electromotive force from the organic structure. This A can be a distinct instrumentality amplifier or an incorporate instrumentality amplifier. Second and 3rd phase active-filter amplifiers are needed to put a really specific set ( 0.5 Hz – 150 Hz ) to capture the EKG wave signal. Basically these will be low noise, 5V amplifier with good appropriate bandwidth. In add-on, low-noise, low-power amplifier are needed for the right-leg-drive feedback map. In multi-channel from system, it normally is a 12-lead ECG proctor will be utilizing for a common users, it is to multiplex signal into a common ADC system. The cardinal typical demands for the multiplexer ( mux ) are low on-resistance and low charge injection on the system. By and large a specific mux is selected to fit the electromotive force demands of the filter amplifier and the ADC. It is besides common for multichannel ECGs to hold automated lead sensing to enable multi-configuration operations. Generally, a low on-resistance switch is used in this circuit every bit good Multiplexers like the ISL43681 and ISL43640 series are first-class picks for medical devices as they can run a scope from 2V to 12V. In add-on, they have low-on opposition of 39 to 60 ? , which lower deformation and reduces ‘kick-back ‘ electromotive force from the system. Their low charge injection of 0.3 personal computer ( picocoulombs ) reduces error part on charge-redistribution on a ACDs system. For 3-lead portable ECG application, low-power instrumentality As from a CMOS procedure may be a better choice on the multiplexers. Since CMOS inputs of course provide a high-impedance input, the demand for external is eliminated, salvaging cost. A good pick for the input amplifier can present active feedback with a really precise base line compensation electromotive force, low 1/f noise, highly low beginning, and low impetus versus temperature. What ( electrically ) is being measured? It is electrical activity of the bosom musculus as it changes with clip, normally printed on paper for easier analysis. Like other musculuss, cardiac musculus contracts in response to electrical depolarization of the musculus cells. It is the amount of this electrical activity, when amplified and recorded for merely a few seconds that we know as an ECG. How is the electrical signal gaining control? A signal-averaged EKG is a more elaborate type of ECG. During this process, multiple ECG tracings are obtained over a period of about 20 proceedingss measuring several hundred cardiac rhythms to observe elusive abnormalcies that increase hazard for cardiac arrhythmias. These elusive abnormalcies are normally non detected on a field ECG. A computing machine captures all the electrically signal from the bosom and averages them to supply the physician item sing how the bosom ‘s electrical conductivity system is working and shown on the ECG system. It show a radio detection and ranging on the system, it ‘s a heart-beat frequence rate. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maximintegrated.com/images/appnotes/4693/4693Fig02.gif Complete circuit of a functional block diagram ( ECG )QUESTION5Voltage to frequency From the BASIC of electromotive force to frequency the LM231/LM331 convertors ideally suited for in simple low cost circuit from parallel to digital transition, the preciseness frequence to voltage transition, long-run integrating, additive frequence transition or demodulation, and many other map. The end product when used a electromotive force to frequency convertor is a pulse train at a frequence exactly relative to the applied input electromotive force. The transition of electromotive force to frequency it provides all the built-in advantages of the electromotive force to frequency convertor techniques, and easy to use in all standard electromotive force to frequency converter application. Further, the LM231A/LM331A series attained a new high degree of truth versus temperature which could be attained with expensive electromotive force to frequence faculties. The LM231/331 are ideally suited for usage in digital system at low power supply electromotive forces and can supply low-pri ced parallel to digital transition convertor can be easy channeled through a simple exposure isolator to supply isolation against common degrees The LM231/LM331 use a new temperature-compensated band-gap mention circuit, to supply first-class truth over the full operating temperature scope, at power supplies every bit low as 4.0V. the preciseness timer circuit has low prejudice currents without degrading the speedy response necessary for 100kHz voltage-to-frequency transition. And the end product are driving 3 TTL tonss, or a high electromotive force end product to 40V, yet is short-circuit against Vcc. Frequency to voltage The LM 2907/LM 2917 series are frequency to voltage convertor with a high addition op A or comparator designed to run a relay, lamp, or other burden when the input of frequence reached are exceeds a selected rate. Most of the tachometer uses a charge pump technique and offer frequence duplicating for low rippling and full input protection in two versions ( LM2907-8, LM2917-8 ) or end product swing to land for a nothing frequence input. The op A or comparator is to the full compatible and the tachometer has a drifting transistor as its end product from the frequence. This characteristic allows either a land or supply referred load up to 50mA. The aggregator may be taken supra Vcc up to a maximal VCE of 28V. The indistinguishable basic constellations include an 8-pin device with a below referenced tachometer input and its internal connexion between the tachometer end product and the op amp non-inverting input. This version is good suited for individual velocity, either dual velocity or frequence shift or to the full buffered frequence to voltage transition application. The more frequence is configure and supply a differential tachometer input and uncommitted op A inputs. With this version the tachometer input may be floated and the op amp become suited for active filter conditioning of the tachometer end product.Question 6Differential force per unit area flow measuring is dependable with the assistance of microprocessor engineering discharge coefficient can be stored on the instrument and measurement temperature absolute force per unit area allows to rectify unstable parametric quantity such as denseness and speed to obtain the mass flow rate. This are called multivariable mass flow metres. The beginning of differential force per unit area flow measuring is the Bernoulli equation represent energy preservation for a fluid component Orifice home base Orifice home bases are most normally used for uninterrupted measuring of fluid in pipes. They are besides used in some little river system to mensurate flow rate at locations where the river passes through a culvert or drain. Merely a little figure of rivers are appropriate for the usage of the engineering since the home base must stay wholly immersed i.e. the attack pipe must be full, and the river must be well free of dust. In the natural environment, big opening home bases are used to command forth flow in flood alleviation dikes. In these construction a low dike is placed across a river and in normal operation the H2O flows through the opening home base unimpeded as the opening is well big than the normal flow cross subdivision. However in inundation, the flow rate rises and inundations out the opening home base which can so merely base on balls flow determined the physical dimension of the opening. Flow so held back behind the low dike in a impermanent reservoir which is easy discharged through the opening when the inundation subsides Venture The Bernoulli rule and its corollary, the venture consequence, are indispensable to aerodynamic every bit good as hydrodynamic design construct. Airflow and hydrofoil designs to raise and maneuver air and H2O vass ( aeroplanes, ships and pigboats ) are derived from application of the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence, as are the instruments that measure rate of motion through the air or H2O ( velocity index ) . Stability indicant and control mechanisms such as gyroscopic attitude indexs and fuel metering devices, such as carburettors, map as a consequence of gas fluid force per unit area derived functions that create suction as demonstrated and mensurable by gas/fluid force per unit area and speed equation from the Bernoulli rule and the venture consequence. Nozzle A nozzle us a device to command the way or features of a fluid flow ( particularly to increase speed ) as it exist ( or enters ) an enclosed chamber or pipe via an opening. A nose is frequently a pipe tubing of changing transverse sectional country, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid ( liquid or gas ) . Nozzles are often used to command the rate flow, velocity, way, mass, form, or the force per unit area of the watercourse that emerges from them Pilot tubing The basic pilot tubing consists of a tubing indicating straight into the fluid. As this tubing contain fluid, a force per unit area can be measured, the traveling fluid is brought to rest ( stagnates ) as there is no mercantile establishment to let flow to go on. This force per unit area is the stagnancy force per unit area of the fluid, besides known as the entire force per unit area or ( peculiarly in air power ) the pilot force per unit area

Chasmosaurus Facts and Figures

Name: Chasmosaurus (Greek for cleft lizard); pronounced KAZZ-moe-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 15 feet long and 2 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Huge, rectangular frill on neck; small horns on face About Chasmosaurus A close relative of Centrosaurus, and thus classified as a centrosaurine ceratopsian, Chasmosaurus was distinguished by the shape of its frill, which spread out over its head in an enormous rectangle. Paleontologists speculate that this giant awning of bone and skin was lined with blood vessels that allowed it to take on bright colors during mating season and that it was used to signal availability to the opposite sex (and possibly to communicate with other members of the herd). Perhaps because the addition of horns would have been simply too much (even for the Mesozoic Era), Chasmosaurus possessed relatively short, blunt horns for a ceratopsian, certainly nothing approaching the dangerous apparatus of Triceratops. This may have something to do with the fact that Chasmosaurus shared its North American habitat with that other famous ceratopsian, Centrosaurus, which sported a smaller frill and a single large horn on its brow; the difference in ornamentation would have made it easier for two competing herds to steer clear of each other. By the way, Chasmosaurus was one of the first ceratopsians ever to be discovered, by the famous paleontologist Lawrence M. Lambe in 1898 (the genus itself was later diagnosed, on the basis of additional fossil remains, by Charles R. Sternberg). The next few decades witnessed a bewildering multiplication of Chasmosaurus species (not an unusual situation with ceratopsians, which tend to resemble one another and can be difficult to distinguish at the genus and species level); today, all that remain are Chasmosaurus belli and Chasmosaurus russelli. Recently, paleontologists discovered the amazingly well-preserved fossil of a Chasmosaurus juvenile in Albertas Dinosaur Provincial Park, in sediments dating to about 72 million years ago. The dinosaur was about three years old when it died (most likely drowned in a flash flood), and lacks only its front legs.

Argumenantive Essay on Computer Communication in The Modern World

Computer Screen Communication: Is It an Important Advancement or a Dangerous Trap? Getting to know people from all over the world and sending them instant messages is no longer a dream. It has become a part of our daily routine since computer-based communication programmes were invented. However, people are starting to doubt that this dream was worth fulfilling. It goes without saying that the invention of the Internet has greatly benefitted us. It has cut the distances between the people short and enabled us to meet people from other countries. Nowadays people living in different parts of the globe have a chance to become friends and learn about each other’s cultures. However, this type of communication entails certain risks. On realizing the anonymity of Internet communication some people create a completely new virtual identity which has nothing to do with their real personality. For them the Internet is a kind of escape into a better reality, where they are more successful. Needless to say, it is much more attractive than their daily routine and causes unhealthy addiction. Another risk related to the Internet communication is that it is a breeding ground for various scams who try to swindle Internet users out of their money using cunning schemes. Many people would say that telecommuting deserves special mentioning as it has given people an opportunity to work from home and make their working schedule more flexible. Nevertheless it also cuts both ways. It has deprived employees of personal contact with colleagues and forced them to look for other ways to satisfy their need for socializing.

Essay On Paranoia In 1984 - 1001 Words

Fear a powerful emotion, once it is born it is merely impossible for it to perish. Fear corrupts, tortures, and haunts all. Humans have a horror encrypted into their core. With the power of holding ones fear forms the feeling of paranoia leading to the most holiest power of all, control. Throughout history paranoia has been used to control mass populations and indoctrinate their mind. A common example of this, is the reign of Joseph Stalin; dictator of the Soviet Union who used the paranoia of death and being sent to concentration camp to control his citizens and sustain power. George Orwell, a man who recognized this demoralizing form of dictatorship and was terrified, of what might come if no one rebelled against this. Furthermore he†¦show more content†¦This tactic of control used by the party, was the uncomforting feeling of not being able to trust nor admire anyone in Oceania besides the Party and Big Brother . Winstons paranoia occurred because the Party programmed hi s mind to believe he could not trust anyone and if he did he would be vanished. Due to this belief imprinted on his mind he began to worry that Julia would deceive him, furthermore accumulating to his paranoia . Part of human nature is love and devotion into another human being, by the Party removing this from our morals comes the fear to love and be vulnerable as portrayed through Winston. The panic of getting turned down or in this case potentially killed due to having affection towards another tends to cause paranoia in Winstons life. The fear of being insane is developed continuously through Winston in the novel. While Winston was being tortured at the Ministry of Love the thought of him being insane began to invade his mind. This occurrence happened because Winston was constantly being told he was â€Å"mentally deranged† (Orwell 245) and he â€Å"suffers from a defective memory† (Orwell 245) . O’Brine claimed too Winston how the Party will â€Å"burn all evil and all illusion out of him† (Orwell 255) and how they will â€Å"make the brain perfect before they burn it out† (Orwell 255). The idea of Winston being â€Å"ill† and having an issue began to slowly torment him, yet this wasShow MoreRelatedThe Spy and The Bravo785 Words   |  3 Pagesexample of a spy novel is by an American novelist James Fenimore Cooper; The spy (1821) and The Bravo (1831). Spy fiction would mostly be influenced by events that have occurred in the real world such as, the Cold War, which will be discussed in this essay and how it became to influence the writing of spy fiction and how it built its popularity in the literature world. The Cold War emerged in 1946 due to the tension between the western powers (USA, UK, Europe and Canada) and the Soviet Union, which includedRead MoreEssay Compare and Contrast Themes of Brave New World and 19841174 Words   |  5 PagesScience Fiction Essay Two classic novels, 1984 written by George Orwell and Brave New World penned by Aldous Huxley both possess similar topics and themes. In both novels societies are striving for a utopia, or a perfect society. These novels also take place in societies with versions of totalitarian governments, which is a government that rules by coercion. Not only are the topics similar, but in both novels a rebellious character is the protagonist; Winston Smith from 1984 and John the SavageRead MoreEssay about 1984 and Brave New World1304 Words   |  6 Pages1984 and Brave New World Undoubtedly, the thought of living in, or forming a utopian society has flashed through nearly every person’s mind. 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Uranium Mining in Australia Free Essays

string(111) " mainly technical limitations not all of the Uranium present in the ore can be removed in the milling process\." In the last forty years, Uranium has become one of the worlds most important energy minerals. Primarily, Uranium produced in Australia has used for the sole production of electricity. However a small proportion of the Uranium mined is for important medical isotopes. We will write a custom essay sample on Uranium Mining in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is for this reason that Uranium mining is an ever-important and pressing point of discussion. Mining itself has been criticized for the massive effect it on the environment around it. Uranium mining is no different, and more often then not, the after effects of Uranium mining are more detrimental to the environment. Unlike other mining, Uranium mining has also caused a major stir in the actual use of the Uranium after it has been mined. The environmental problems of Uranium mining go further then the actual mining and by products. The uses of Uranium have been seen as risky and dangerous. Using Uranium as a source of energy has already shown the disastrous effects. The melt down at Chernobyl is still causing health problems in citizens after 30 years. On the upside, Uranium mining creates employment and boosts the Australian Economy. It is for these reasons that Uranium Mining is a process that needs to be looked at carefully before any judgements are made on it’s future in Australia. Chemistry Of Uranium and Uranium Mining In the Earth’s crust, mineral Uranium averages about two parts per million. Traces of Uranium occur just about everywhere on earth. In Australia, the existence of uranium has been noted since the 1890’s. In 1930, ores were mined at Radium Hill in South Australia for minute deposits of Radium. The Radium was used for medical purposes. As a result of the Radium mining, a couple of hundred kilograms of uranium was obtained and used exclusively to produce colours in glass and ceramics. In 1954 the Government started up a major uranium producer in Run Jungle, known as Rum Jungle Mine. Because of this Australia began to emerge as a potential source of uranium for the world’s nuclear electricity production. 1970’s large amounts of Uranium deposits were found dotted around Australia. This signaled the start of mines in the Northern Territory such as Ranger and Jabiluka, and also in South Australia with Olympic Dam. Uranium is found rocks of the earth’s crust, at 4 parts per million. The extraction (removal) or mining process varies from where the uranium ore deposits are found. Surface cut techniques are used where the uranium ore if found close to the surface. Surface cut mines involved the uranium being found close to the surface, so the uranium is removed from a shallow pit. Fig 1. 0 Ranger Mine found in the Northern Territory. The uranium ore is removed via the open cut mining method. Underground mining is used when the ore is found deep underground. In this process, the ore is removed in a similar fashion to copper; the mine is built in the ground. Olympic Damn Mine in South Australia, relies on the underground mining process. Another way to remove ore is called In-Situ Leaching. It is a popular way to mine Uranium, as it doesn’t affect the landscape as much as open cut or underground mining. It is used to remove Uranium filled sand that is found in water in a porous rock, which itself confined in a non-porous rock. In situ leaching involves a leaching liquid (ammonium-carbonate or sulfuric acid) pumped through drill- holes into underground uranium deposits, with the uranium bearing liquid is pumped out from below. Ore mined in open pit or underground mines, unlike in situ leaching, has to be crushed and leached in a uranium mill. A Uranium mill is a chemical plant designed to extract uranium from ore. It is usually located near the mines to limit transportation. In the most cases, sulfuric acid is used as the leaching agent, but alkaline leaching can also used. As the leaching agent not only extracts uranium from the ore, but also several other constituents like molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, iron, lead and arsenic, the uranium must be separated out of the leaching solution. The final product produced from the mill, commonly referred to as â€Å"yellow cake† (U3O8 with impurities), is packed and shipped in casks. The reaction between the uranium ore and sulfuric acid. The UO2 is then oxidised. In some cases uranium has been removed from low-grade ore by a process called heap leaching. This may be done if the uranium contents are too low for the ore to be economically processed in a uranium mill. Heaping leaching is performed by using a leaching liquid (often sulfuric acid) being introduced to the top of the pile of ore. The acid or leaching liquid, percolates down until it reaches a liner below the pile or ore, where it is caught and pumped to a processing plant. This liquid contains the uranium. During leaching, the piles of ore present a hazard because of the risk of release of dust, radon gas and leaching liquid. (referenced from Hardy, C J, 1978, The Chemistry of Uranium Milling, Radiochimica Acta 25, 121-134) Nuclear Mining and Milling has a serious social relevance. The tailings from the Uranium mining have serious health risks and environmental hazards. There are many serious environmental arguments over the mining of Uranium. The mining process itself in Australia has strict guidelines, yet the waste products from the mining process still have an extremely detrimental effect on the environment. Uranium mill tailings (or waste products from the crushing and leaching of the ore) are normally dumped as sludge in special ponds or piles (heaps). These piles/ponds are then abandoned. The amount of sludge produced is roughly equal to that of the ore milled. Long-living decay products such as the radioactive elements Thorium-230 and Radium-226 are not removed from the sludge. This means that the sludge contains over half of the initial radioactivity of the ore. As well as this, unfortunately, due to mainly technical limitations not all of the Uranium present in the ore can be removed in the milling process. You read "Uranium Mining in Australia" in category "Essay examples" Therefore, the sludge (which is the waste product) still contains at least 5% of the uranium present in the ore to start off with. The sludge also contains a variety of heavy metals and other contaminants. These include arsenic, as well as the highly corrosive chemical reagents used during the milling process (such as the sulfuric acid used in leaching). The mining and milling process fundamentally removes the hazardous constitutes in the ore from their relatively safe underground location. Mined Uranium itself does not emit hazardous radiation. Radium-226 found in the tailings continuously decays to the radioactive gas Radon-222. Radon-222 has a decay product that has been thought to cause lung cancer. Radon releases are a major hazard that continues even after uranium mines are shut down. The Radon can escape from the interior of the tailing piles or sludge. Since radon spreads quickly with the wind, many people receive small additional radiation doses. However, in Australia the majority of mines are based away from residential or populated areas. It is a concern for workers though, but with safety apparatus, the risk factor is non-existent. Tailing deposits are also subject to many different kinds of erosion. During and after a heavy rainfall, erosion gullies can form where the tailing deposits are left. Floods can destroy the whole deposit, leaving it dispersed everywhere. Interestingly enough, plants and burrowing animals can penetrate into the deposit and disperse the material, which subsequently enhances the radon emanation and make the deposit more susceptible to erosion. When the surface of the pile dries out, the fine sands are blown by the wind over adjacent areas. Erosion leaves the tailing deposits at a risk of dispersion. Seepage from tailing piles is another major hazard. Seepage poses a risk of contamination to ground and surface water. This water can be transferred to fish that swim in the water, then to whoever consumes the fish. Tailings dams are more often then not, not of stable construction. In most cases, they were made from sedimentation of the tailing sludge. Some are even built on geologic faults. This means that they are at greater risk of an earthquake. Strong rain or snowstorms can also cause dam failures. It is of no surprise that time after time dam failures have occurred. It was thought that bringing the tailings back to where the ore was mined would be an acceptable solution for the tailing disposal. Even though most of the Uranium was removed from the material, it did not mean the material was less hazardous. Most of the contaminants are still present. It is because of the processes the materials have to go through to extract the uranium which leaves the material in a condition where the contaminants are much more mobile (sludge and sand), therefore the material susceptible to migration into the environment. In most cases, tailings have to be dumped on the surface for lack of other options. Here, the protection requirements can more easily be controlled by appropriate methods, but additional measures have to be performed to assure protection from erosion. Uranium mining has also caused some concerns because of where the ore deposits are located. Jabiluka mine is in the heart of Kakadu, a National Park, and also in the mines in the Arnhem region. Aboriginal communities are against the mine sites as they are on their cultural land and heritage. It can be argued however, that with strict regulations in the mining and milling of Uranium, the environmental effects and cultural disturbances can be minimal. The mine-tailing dam should for one not be built on a geological fault. This itself is an obvious way of minimizing the risk of contaminants being released. The site should not be located anywhere near or in the flood plain of rivers, and the level of the dam should be deep. If there is any seepage from the tailing dam, it shouldn’t pose a risk to the ground water. During investigation of the site, ground water flow has to be monitored, to allow development of computer based three- dimensional ground water models. These models can be used for prediction of effects of supposed or real contaminant releases. This in itself can show the health and risk factor in the mine tailing. With this technology, we can work towards finding out ways in which to minimize the risks involved with the tailings. The deposits of the clay appropriate for lining and covering the deposit should not be located too far away, and the site should be remote from residential areas. It’s these basic guidelines, that when followed, make Uranium mining and milling quite safe and not hazardous to the environment or people (taken from OECD NEA 1993, The Safety of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, ch 2) To increase the safety of a tailing deposit area, be it a damn or a pile, certain management are applied to reduce the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment. Dewatering of the sludge, smoothing of the slopes, and installation of erosion protection. On top of the pile, an appropriate cover should be installed for protection against release of gamma radiation and radon gas, beginning of precipitation, intrusion of the plants and animals, and erosion. This cover in most cases consists of several different layers to meet all requirements. Moreover, the catchement collection and treatment of seepage water is necessary to release purified waters to the surface water only. In the long term however, water treatment should no longer be necessary. Uranium mining, despite the outcry against the environmental problems it can cause, is quite a positive and good thing for the Australian society. Through the mining and milling process, jobs are created and new skills gained. Unemployment is a big issue in Australia, and by boosting the employment rate, essentially boosting the economy. Uranium mining also brings Australia money through exports. In 1997-98 Australian Uranium accounted for 15 per cent of world production, worth about $288 million to Australia. (Lambert et al, 1996, Australia’s Uranium Resources, BRS (expenditure, early resource) Fig 1. 1 Showing the amount of money Uranium export brings Australia Taken from: ‘Australia’s Uranium and who owns It’ Briefing Paper (Found at http://www. uic. com. au/nip01. htm) Advancements in mining technology will mean that hazardous contaminants in the Uranium tailings can be removed before the sludge is dumped in dams or piles. By doing so, the sludge piles/dams would be of no hazard to the environment and could be used to fill back up the mining sites. At the moment there are strict laws that govern Australian these laws and mine sites, are in place to minimize the risk of hazardous radiation being released from the waste piles (tailing dams, sludge piles etc). Only the future can tell what Uranium holds for us. Uranium mining at the present moment has a lot of controversy surrounding it, and the effects on the environment and cultural groups. It has to be realised that the laws governing Uranium Mining in Australia are strict and dictate how Uranium mining is undertaken. This means that there is little to no risk of the tailings being deposited on ‘risky’ sites, and the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment are small. By being sensitive to the views and culture of the Indigenous people, and involving them in decisions surrounding the mine, it won’t be long until mining companies and these people come to an understanding or agreement. How to cite Uranium Mining in Australia, Essay examples